Army Injures Four Palestinians In Gaza
Israeli soldiers shot, on Monday morning, four Palestinians with live fire, east of the al-Boreij refugee camp, in central Gaza, and two others near Khan Younis and Jabalia, in the…
Israeli Drones Launch Firebombs At Protest Tents In Gaza, Army Jams Networks
Several Israeli military drones fired, Monday, dozens of firebombs at the Palestinians and the Great Return March tents, while the military started disrupting and jamming communications networks in the Gaza…
Israeli Soldiers Invade Southern And Northern Gaza, Injure Two Palestinians
Several Israeli military vehicles, including armored bulldozers, advanced into Palestinian lands across the eastern borders of the Gaza Strip, early on Monday, and bulldozed various sections in addition to installing…
Jordan Condemns Fanatical Raids on Al Aqsa Mosque (VIDEO)
Jordan has denounced, in the strongest terms, the ongoing Israeli violations and provocations against Al-Aqsa Mosque in East Jerusalem. Israeli extremists, early Sunday, broke into the mosque’s compound in occupied…
US Delegation Lands in Tel Aviv for Embassy Opening
A US delegation, on Sunday afternoon, has arrived in Tel Aviv, in preparation for opening the US embassy in Jerusalem, on Monday. The delegation includes first daughter Ivanka Trump and…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct Seventeen Palestinians In The West Bank
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Sunday at dawn, at least seventeen Palestinians from their homes in several parts of the occupied West Bank, the Palestinian Prisoners’ Society (PPS) has reported. The…
Army Abducts A Palestinian, Injures Several Others, In Ramallah
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Sunday at dawn, one Palestinian in Beit Rima town, northwest of the central West Bank city of Ramallah, and injured several others in Nabi Saleh nearby…
Palestinian Child Dies From Wounds suffered Friday
Palestinian medical sources have reported that a child died, on Saturday evening, from serious wounds he suffered Friday, when Israeli soldiers shot him in the head. The sources said the…
Norman Finkelstein: Israel’s Violence on Gazans’ Non-Violence
Norman Finkelstein says that Israeli forces have conducted a “murderous assault on non-violent protesters” in Gaza’s Great March of Return, because non-violent protest threatens not Israel, but its occupation. Norman…
World Press Freedom Day 2018: Journalists Demand British Media Institutions to Break The Silence and Stand with Palestinian Journalists under Occupation (VIDEO)
Photo: Lara Khalidi On World Press Freedom Day 2018, the Journalist Support Committee held a conference in London on the “Challenges of Palestinian Journalists” living and working under occupation. Prominent…
Foreign Ministry Condemns Blocking of EU Statement Rejecting US Embassy Move
EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini speaks during a press conference on May 27, 2015, at EU headquarters in Brussels (AFP, File) The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a…
Jerusalem Municipality Resumes Evicting Palestinians from Sheikh Jarrah
Activists gather against the eviction of the Shamasna family in Sheikh Jarrah, March 1, 2013. Photo credit: Wadi Hilweh Information Center. POSTED BY: AMALYA DUBROVSKY MAY 11, 2018 At least 75 Palestinian…
Israeli Air Force Bombs Northern Gaza
Israeli fighter jets, on Saturday evening, carried out airstrikes on an agricultural land located in the town of Beit Hanoun, northern Gaza Strip, causing financial damage to the site and…
Army Abducts Three Palestinians In Jerusalem, One In Jenin
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Saturday at dawn, three young Palestinian men in occupied East Jerusalem, and one near Jenin, in northern West Bank. Media sources in Jerusalem said the soldiers…
Army Injures Four Palestinians Near Ramallah
Israeli soldiers injured, Friday, four young Palestinian men at the northern entrance of al-Biereh city, in the Ramallah and al-Biereh governorate in central West Bank. The soldiers attacked dozens of…
PCHR Weekly Report On Israeli Human Rights Violations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (03 – 09 May 2018)
Israeli forces continued with systematic crimes in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) for the week of 03 – 09 May, 2018. Israeli forces continued to use lethal force against Palestinian…
Who Hired an Israeli Spy Firm to Tarnish the Iran Deal?
Trita Parsi was targeted as part of Black Cube’s spy operations against Obama officials involved in the Iran nuclear deal. With evidence pointing to the Trump camp’s role, Parsi says…
US Embassy Changes Twitter Location to Jerusalem
The US diplomatic delegation to Israel changed, this week, the location of the US Embassy, on Twitter, from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. “The name of the official account has been…
Report: Ongoing Nakba Must End — Time Has Come for the International Community to Act
The Palestinian Human Rights Organizations Council has issued a statement entitled: “The ongoing Nakba must end: the time has come for the international community to act.” (WAFA) For the…
Health Ministry: “Army Kills one Palestinian, Injures 448, In Gaza”
Updated: The Palestinian Health Ministry has confirmed that Israeli soldiers killed, Friday, one Palestinian, and injured 448, including seven who suffered very serious wounds, in the Gaza Strip. The Health…
Young Man Dies From Wounds Suffered Two Days Ago
Palestinian medical sources in Hebron, in the southern part of the occupied West Bank, has reported that a young man died, Friday, from serious wounds he suffered on May 9th,…
Israeli Soldiers Injure Two Palestinians In Kufur Qaddoum
Israeli soldiers attacked, Friday, the weekly procession in Kufur Qaddoum town, east of Qalqilia in the northern part of the occupied West Bank, and shot two Palestinians with rubber-coated steel…
Soldiers Injure A Palestinian With An Expanding Bullet Near Ramallah
Israeli soldiers shot, on Friday afternoon, a young Palestinian man with an expanding bullet in his leg, and caused dozens to suffer the effects of teargas inhalation, at the northern…
Army Injures 15 Palestinians, Including A Medic In Gaza
Israeli soldiers injured, Friday, at least fifteen Palestinians with live fire, and caused dozens to suffer the effects of teargas inhalation shortly after the weekly Great March of Return started…
Updated: Soldiers Attack Nonviolent Protesters, Abduct Four In Jerusalem
Israeli soldiers attacked, Friday, dozens of Palestinians nonviolent protesting in Bab ar-Rahma historic Islamic graveyard, where the Jerusalem City Council dug many graves, by the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and denouncing the…
Army Injures Three Palestinians In Gaza
Israeli soldiers shot, Friday, three Palestinians, including a child, just before the weekly Great Return March started in the Gaza Strip. Medical sources said the soldiers shot a child with…
Sheikh Sabri Banned From Entering West Bank For Four Months
Israeli intelligence officers handed, on Thursday evening, an order preventing the head of the Higher Islamic Committee and Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, from entering the West Bank for four months.…
Army Abducts Three Palestinians Near Qalqilia
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Friday at dawn, Azzoun town, east of the northern West Bank city of Qalqilia, searched homes and abducted three former political prisoners. Media sources said several…
Isreli Soldiers Invade Homes In Jenin
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Friday at dawn, the homes of two political prisoners in the Kafr Ra’ey town, south of the northern West Bank city of Jenin, and conducted violent…
Army Injures 61 Palestinians In Nablus
Israeli soldiers injured, on Friday at dawn, 61 Palestinians, including two with live fire, in the northern West Bank city of Nablus. Medical sources said the soldiers shot two young…
Army Fires Gas Bombs At Palestinians Near Gaza Border Areas In Gaza
As hundreds of Palestinians started gathered near five border areas, along the eastern parts of the Gaza Strip to prepare for this Friday’s Great Return March, Israeli soldiers stated fires…
Israeli Colonizers Firebomb Relatives of Family Killed in 2015 Israeli Firebombing
A group of fanatic illegal Israeli colonizers hurled, on Friday at dawn, fire bombs at a home of the Dawabsha family in Douma village, south of the northern West Bank…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct A Fateh Leader And His Wife In Jerusalem
Israeli soldiers abducted, Thursday, a senior political leader of Fateh movement in occupied Jerusalem, and his wife, after invading their homes in Silwan town, south of the Al-Aqsa Mosque in…
Army Abducts Four Palestinians In Bethlehem
Israel soldiers abducted on Thursday at dawn, four young Palestinian men from their homes in the West Bank governorate of Bethlehem. The soldiers invaded Beit Jala city, northwest of Bethlehem,…
Detainee ‘Oweisat Undergoes Heart Surgery, Remains In Critical Condition
Lawyer Karim ‘Ajwa of the Palestinian Detainees Committee has reported, Thursday, that detainee Aziz ‘Oweisat underwent a heart surgery at an Israeli hospital, and remains in a critical condition. Ajwa…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct Four Palestinians In Qalqilia, Jenin And Ramallah
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Thursday at dawn, four young Palestinian men from their homes in Qalqilia, Jenin and Ramallah, in the occupied West Bank, after the army broke into and…
Israeli Military Fires on Fishermen, Razes Lands in Gaza
Israeli naval forces opened fire at Palestinian fishermen as they were sailing off the coast of Rafah City, in the southern Gaza Strip, on Wednesday morning, according to local sources.…
Higher National Commission of Great March of Return and Breaking of Siege Appeals to International Community to Save Gaza
In a press conference, on Wednesday, at the Palestinian Ministry of Information, the Higher National Commission of the Great March of Return and Breaking of the Gaza Siege appealed the…
April: Human Rights Violations in Hebron
Confrontations between young men and the occupation forces in the center of Hebron, April 20, 2018. Photo credit: Mashhour Wahawah for WAFA. POSTED BY: AHMAD JARADAT MAY 9, 2018 Israeli occupation forces…
Nablus Structures Demolished by Israeli Army
Israeli forces, Wednesday, demolished a number of residential and agricultural sheds in the village of Douma, to the south of the West Bank district of Nablus, said a local activist.…
HRW Official Deported by Israel
Israeli authorities, on May 7, 2018, revoked the work permit for Omar Shakir, the director for Human Rights Watch Israel and Palestine, ordering him to leave Israel within 14 days.…
Israeli Soldiers Injure 23 Palestinians, Abducts Three; One Soldier Injured, In Abu Dis
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Wednesday evening, Abu Dis town east of occupied East Jerusalem, and opened fire at dozens of protesters, wounding 23, and abducted three others. The Israeli army…
Army Shoots A Palestinian With A Gas Bomb In The Head
Israeli soldiers shot, Wednesday, a young Palestinian man with a gas bomb which struck him directly in the head, east of Khuza’a town, east of Khan Younis, in the southern…
Soldiers Steal 20.000 Shekels From Two Homes In Hebron
Dozens of Israeli soldiers invaded, Wednesday, the homes of two Palestinians siblings in Hebron, in the southern part of the occupied West Bank, violently searched them and stole 20.000 Shekels,…
Updated: Israeli Soldiers Abduct Fourteen Palestinians In The West Bank
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Wednesday at dawn, at least fourteen Palestinians from their homes, after invading and violently searching them, in several parts of the occupied West Bank. The soldiers…
Soldiers Prevent A Palestinian From Building A Wall Around His Land In Bethlehem
Israeli soldiers prevented, Wednesday, a Palestinian farmer from Nahhalin village, west of Bethlehem, from building a wall around his lands in the an-Nossiyya area, north of the town. Hani Fannoun,…
Detainee In Critical Condition From Brain Hemorrhaging
The Palestinian Detainees’ Committee has reported, Tuesday, that a detainee suffered serious brain hemorrhaging, and is currently in a coma at an Israeli hospital. The Committee stated that the soldiers…
Historian Ilan Pappe: ‘We Need Sustained International Pressure on Israel’
The Great Return protests in Gaza will culminate on Nakba Day, May 14th. This is also the day that Israel will celebrate the 70th anniversary of the State of Israel.…
Are Israeli Snipers Who Shoot Palestinian Protesters In Gaza Really Protecting Their Border?
Israeli snipers have been shooting Palestinian protesters within the Gaza Strip, claiming that, in doing so, they are protecting Israel’s borders and sovereignty. Is their claim genuine? Since 30 March,…
PLO Official Calls for Demonstrations against US Embassy Relocation
Ahmad Majdalani, Executive Committee Member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), has called on Palestinians to protest against the relocation of the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem, declaring a “day of…
Red Cross Calls on Israel to Respect Gaza Medical Crews
Head of International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) sub-delegation in Gaza, Gilan Devorn, has called on Israeli occupation authorities to respect and ensure the unimpeded functioning of medical services for…
Colonial Settlers Dump Wastewater into Planted Palestinian Land
Israeli settlers, Tuesday, dumped wastewater into an agricultural land belonging to a Palestinian family in the town of Beit Ummar, to the north of the southern West Bank city of…
Azaria Released after 9 Months
An Israeli soldier who shot and killed a Palestinian youth in Hebron, was released from an Israel prison in Tel Aviv on Tuesday. In March 2016, soldier Elor Azaria (19)…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct Twenty Palestinians In West Bank
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Tuesday at dawn, at least twenty Palestinians from their homes in several parts of the occupied West Bank, including former political prisoners and one child, in…
Israeli Soldiers Injure Three Palestinians In Gaza
Israeli soldiers shot, on Monday evening, three young Palestinian men with live fire, east of Gaza city. Medical sources said the soldiers opened fire at Palestinian protesters on their lands,…
On World Press Freedom Day, PCHR Organizes Activities on “No to Targeting Truth”
On Sunday, 06 May, 2018, the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR) organized a campaign titled as “No to targeting the truth” on the World Press Freedom Day coinciding the…
Netanyahu’s Long History of Crying Wolf over Fake ‘WMDs’ in Iran and Iraq
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has a long history of crying wolf over supposed nuclear weapons in Iran and Iraq – Ben Norton reports. TRNN video & transcript: BENJAMIN NETANYAHU:…
VIDEO: Palestinian Takes Down Israeli Drone with Stone
Palestinian protesters near the Gaza border managed to bring down an Israeli drone with a stone and a slingshot, a video posted online recently revealed. Footage by Press TV shows…
Health Ministry Allocates $3 Million for Gaza Medical Convoy
(PNN archive image) The Ministry of Health, on Monday, sent a medical aid convoy worth $3 million to Gaza, announced Health Minister Jawad Awwad. Awwad said that the ministry dispatched…
PLO: US Embassy Move in Violation of International Commitments
PLO Secretary General Saeb Erekat, on Monday, said that by recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and moving its embassy thereto, the Trump administration is violating its obligations under international law,…
Families Demolish Own Homes To Avoid High Fines In Jerusalem
Several families from Qalandia town, north of occupied East Jerusalem, started demolishing sections of their own homes to avoid excessively high fines and costs, imposed by the Israeli City Council.…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct Sixteen Palestinians In The West Bank
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Monday at dawn, at least sixteen Palestinians from their homes, after the army invaded and searched them, in several parts of the occupied West Bank. The…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct Six Palestinians In Bethlehem And Hebron
Updated: Israeli soldiers abducted, earlier on Monday at dawn, six Palestinians, after storming and searching their homes, in Bethlehem, Hebron and Jerusalem, in the occupied West Bank. Media sources in…
Army Abducts Three Children In Jerusalem
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Sunday evening, three Palestinian children from the al-‘Isawiya town, in occupied East Jerusalem, and took them to Salaheddin Police Station in the city. The Wadi Hilweh…
Two More Palestinian Protesters Slain by Israeli Forces in Gaza
Updated: Israeli soldiers killed, on Sunday afternoon, two unarmed Palestinian protesters near the eastern border of the southern city of Khan…
Israeli Soldier: “By the time we got out of there, everything was like a sandbox.”
Breaking the Silence is an organization of veteran combatants who have served in the Israeli military since the start of the Second Intifada, and have taken it upon themselves to expose the…
Updated: Six Palestinians Killed in Gaza Explosion
On Saturday evening in az-Zawayda neighborhood in Dir al-Balah, in central Gaza, an explosion killed five Palestinians, according to local medical sources. The Hamas party blamed Israel for the explosion,…
Lieberman: Relocation of US Embassy Will Come at a Price
Israeli Defense Minister Avigdor Lieberman said, on Saturday, that relocating the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem will “will come at a price,” but added that it was a price “worth paying.” Speaking to…
Ashrawi Reiterates PA’s Commitment to Democracy
PLO Executive Committee Member Dr. Hanan Ashrawi, Sunday, reiterated Palestine’s commitment to tolerance, inclusiveness and democracy. She said in a press release, “As the birthplace of monotheistic religions and multiple…
Former Israeli Military Prosecutor Lives in Home Built on Palestinian Land
(PNN) A former chief Israeli military prosecutor lives in a house in the West Bank settlement of Efrat, which was illegally constructed on private Palestinian land, it has been revealed. According…
India Largest Purchaser of Israeli Arms in 2017
(PNN) India was the greatest market for Israeli arms last year, amid an increase in sales to the Asia-Pacific region as a whole, according to the Jerusalem Post. Israel’s military…
Army Abducts Seven Palestinians In The West Bank
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Sunday at dawn, seven Palestinians, including former political prisoners, from their homes, in several parts of the occupied West Bank. The Palestinian Prisoners’ Society (PPS) said…
Israeli Air Force Fires A Missile Into Northern Gaza
The Israeli Air Force fired, on Sunday at dawn, at least one missile into an area, north of Beit Lahia, in the northern part of the Gaza Strip, causing damage.…
Army Abducts Three Palestinians, Injures One, In Hebron
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Sunday at dawn, Beit Ummar town in the southern West Bank city of Hebron, abducted three Palestinians, and injured another in addition to causing many to…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct Two Palestinians After Colonialist Settlers Assaulted Them In Jerusalem
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Saturday at night, two young Palestinian men from the African Neighborhood, in occupied East Jerusalem, after a group of extremist Israeli colonialist settlers attacked them. Media…
Israeli Soldiers Invade Kufur Qaddoum
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Saturday evening, Kufur Qaddoum town east of the northern West Bank city of Qalqilia, before breaking into a home and occupying its rooftop. Many army jeeps…
Army Injures Six Palestinians In Gaza
Israeli soldiers attacked, Saturday, Palestinian protesters on their lands east of the al-Maghazi refugee camp, in Central Gaza, wounding six Palestinians, including two children and one medic. Dr. Ashraf al-Qedra,…
Gaza Patient Dies after Israel Refuses to Allow Him Treatment
Palestinian medical sources have reported that a patient died, Saturday, after the Israeli authorities refused to allow him to leave the Gaza Strip for treatment. The National Committee for Breaking…
Palestinians: Giro d’Italia Fueling Israel’s Lethal Repression
A Cycling Palestine team leader was detained by armed Israeli forces for “trespassing” during a protest ride against the Giro d’Italia cycling race. May 5, 2018 — Palestinian civil society groups…
Colonial Settlers Install Caravans in Jordan Valley
Israeli settlers installed caravans on Saturday, in the al-Farsiya area of the northern Jordan Valley region, in the occupied West Bank, according to local sources. Aref Daraghmeh, a local rights…
Soldiers Abduct A Young Palestinian Woman In Jerusalem
Update: The army released Aya Abu Naab, on Saturday evening, after issuing an order preventing her from enter Al-Aqsa Mosque, for one one. Israeli soldiers abducted, Saturday, a young Palestinian…
Army Abducts A Teen Near Jenin
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Saturday at dawn, the al-Yamoun town, west of the northern West Bank city of Jenin, injured a Palestinian teen, and summoned a young man from Ramallah…
Israeli Soldiers Issue Orders Halting Construction Of A Home Near Bethlehem
Israeli soldiers issued, Friday, orders for halting the construction of a Palestinian home, and the demolition of a wall around a land, in Ein Jweiza area in the al-Walaja village,…
Army Injures Several Palestinians In Hebron
Israeli soldiers injured, Friday, several Palestinians who suffered the severe effects of teargas inhalation, in Bab az-Zawiya area in the center Hebron city, in the southern part of the occupied…
Israeli Soldiers Injure One Palestinian Near Qalqilia
Israeli soldiers attacked, Friday, the weekly procession against the occupation and colonies in Kufur Qaddoum town, east of the northern West Bank city of Qalqilia, wounding one Palestinian with a…
Updated – Health Ministry: “Army Injures 1143 Palestinians, Including 83 With Live Fire In Gaza”
The Palestinian Health Ministry in the Gaza Strip has reported that Israeli soldiers injured, Friday, 1143 Palestinians, including 83 with live fire, among them three who suffered serious wounds, and…
Army Injures Several Palestinians, Including A Medic, In Al-Biereh
Israeli soldiers inured, Friday, several Palestinians, including a medic, after the army attacked protesters near the northern entrance of al-Biereh city, in the Ramallah and al-Biereh Governorate, in central West…
Natalie Portman’s Boycott of Netanyahu Prompts Attack by Billionaire-Backed Right-Wing Rabbi Shmuley Boteach
After Natalie Portman pulled out of an award ceremony in Israel, right-wing activist Rabbi Shmuley Boteach bought a full-page New York Times ad to attack the actress. Journalist Max Blumenthal…
Convicted for Poetry: Dareen Tatour
Dareen Tatour – photo Free Dareen Tatour campaign An Israeli court in Nazareth convicted Palestinian poet Dareen Tatour of “incitement” and “support for terror” for posting on Facebook and creating a poetry video on…
Army Abducts Five Palestinians In The West Bank
Israeli soldiers abducted, on Friday at dawn, at least five Palestinians from their homes in several parts of the occupied West Bank, the Palestinian Prisoners’ Society (PPS) has reported. The…
Israeli Soldiers Fracture Arm Of Palestinian Woman Prior To Abducting Her Son
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Friday at dawn, Palestinian homes in Hebron, in the southern part of the occupied West Bank, and fractured the arm of a woman who tried to…
Soldiers Abduct Palestinian Woman Minutes After Her Release From Prison
Israeli soldiers abducted, Thursday, a young Palestinian woman just minutes after her release from HaSharon Israeli prison, after she served a one-year prison sentence. The young woman, Aya Salem Shawamra,…
Israeli Soldiers Injure A Child, Abduct A Woman, In Jerusalem
Israeli soldiers invaded, on Thursday afternoon, the town of al-‘Isawiya, in occupied East Jerusalem, mildly injured a child and abducted a Palestinian woman. Mohammad Abu al-Hummus, a member of the…
PCHR Weekly Report On Israeli Human Rights Violations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (26 April – 02 May 2018)
Israeli forces continued with systematic crimes in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), for the week of 26 April – 02 May, 2018. Israeli forces continued to directly target peaceful protests…
Palestinians Face Explosive Bullets, Dangerous Gas Bombs (VIDEO)
~Mersiha Gadzo By the time he was transferred to Istishari Arab Hospital, in Ramallah, after undergoing seven surgeries in Gaza, there was nothing doctors could do to save his left leg.…
Human Rights Laws Do Not Apply for Great March
Basic principles of using force and firearms do not apply, with regard to incidents which have occurred during the Great March of Return along Gaza’s border, with the army claiming…
Palestinian Circus School takes Production to Europe
The Ramallah-based Palestinian Circus School (PCS) is taking, to Europe, its Sarab production that mirrors the plight of refugees through the use of Chinese pole, juggling, acrobatics and trapeze, to…
Settlers Bulldoze Salfit Lands to Expand Settlement
Israeli settler bulldozers, on Thursday morning, have razed the lands of Kafr El Deek town in Salfit, northern West Bank. Eyewitnesses confirmed that the bulldozers leveled lands west of Kafr…
Palestinian Dies From Serious Wounds Suffered Last Friday In Gaza
Dr. Ashraf al-Qedra, the spokesperson of the Health Ministry in Gaza, has reported that a young Palestinian man died, on Thursday morning, from serious wounds he suffered last Friday, after…
Israeli Soldiers Abduct 13 Palestinians In The West Bank
Updated: Israeli soldiers abducted, on Thursday at dawn, twelve Palestinians from their homes in the several parts of the occupied West Bank, including Jerusalem, during extensive military invasions and violent…